Introduction

Reproductive tract infections (RTIs) are broadly defined as any infections of the reproductive system.  There are three main types of RTIs:  

• endogenous infections which occur when microorganisms normally found in the vagina over-multiply;
• sexually transmitted infections (STIs, also referred to as sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)) that are spread through sexual contact with an infected partner; and
• iatrogenic infections which are spread during medical procedures usually as a result of inadequate infection control measures.
  

Symptoms and Complications

Some RTIs can go undetected because infected persons do not exhibit any signs of infection.  This is dangerous because if left undiagnosed and untreated, complications can occur.  In women, complications include chronic pelvic pain and infertility; in pregnant women, spontaneous abortion, early labor, low birth weight and post-partum endometritis can occur.  Men can experience a narrowing of the urethra and infertility.  STIs, particularly those which cause ulcers, have also been associated with an increased risk of HIV transmission.

Prevention

Various measures can be taken to help protect oneself against RTIs/STIs depending on the type of infection.  To prevent STIs, individuals can practice abstinence, use condoms during sex, and avoid sex with infected individuals.  Prevention measures for iatrogenic infections include sterilizing medical instruments and screening and treating existing infections before medical procedures that pass instruments through the cervix. Endogenous infections are not always easy to prevent.  However, for these infections as well as sexually transmitted and iatrogenic infections their consequences can be reduced through early detection and proper treatment.

REFERENCES

Reproductive Health Outlook by PATH

Population Council

Family Health International

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention